Ffractional distillation lab report Sample

Ffractional distillation lab report Paper The purpose of this experiment is to observe what happens when two liquids with a boiling point of 79 and 100 degrees centigrade are heated together and allowed to boil over a specific period, to use the density to determine regenerate composition of ethanol and water and also to understand the process to separating a solution with different boiling points. Distillation deals with a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. It is only very effective when there is a significant difference in the different liquids boiling point. This is because every element has a unique boiling point due to the amount of bonds and structure of that fluid. Hence, understanding the structure and bonds of a fluid gives us more glimpse of what their densities may look like. However, In this experiment, the solution used was 50% ethanol and water. There normal boiling point is 79 and OIC degree centigrade respectively. Therefore, as the solutions get heated in the apparatus, the temperature begins to rise. The ethanol, Which has a lower boiling point than water Will vaporize and condensing into a liquid, which is collected in a beaker through temperature exchange in the condenser. We will write a custom essay sample on Ffractional distillation lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ffractional distillation lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ffractional distillation lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, the purpose Of this experiment is to understand the exact process of separating a solution with different boiling points. Apparatus used Temperature probe hoses E)water Condenser with two F) mill graduated cylinder and 3 beakers Hot plate G) utility clamp Ethanol EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE We obtained and wore hand gloves. H) 3 boiling chips We assembled the distillation apparatus as shown in the lab manual . We used a mill graduated cylinder to obtain mm of water and ml of ethanol which we poured in our flask. We added 3 boiling chips to ensure the formation of bubbles and we noted the temperature we obtained our first drop. We used a clamp to hold the stopper fitting the probe into the flask in place and we slowly turned on he cold water tap We used a third utility clamp to secure the temperature probe wire We obtained 3 ml beakers which were labeled BBC and beaker A was placed at the end of the condenser and our hot plate was turned to it maximum setting. When ml was collected in beaker one, we removed it and placed beaker 2 and the same comic was collected for beaker 3. We determine and recorded the mass of ethanol obtained during our experiment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result from the data shows the density and percentage of water and ethanol in each fractions Of the experiment. In the distillation process, Mimi Of water and ml of ethanol was collected together however; only 50. Mil was collected meaning that since ethanol has a lower boiling point than water, most of the liquid obtained could be assumed to be ethanol especially during the first two fractions of the experiment. Also in this experiment, the amount of ethanol collected is in close relation to the temperature of the heated solution. This is because as the temperature increases and reaches the lower boiling point of ethanol, the amount of ethanol that was being dropped began to increase and it as observed that the first two transactions to ethanol was 98% pure with 2% water (error) which was reasonable and expected while the third fraction contained 78% ethanol with 22% fatter (error). This error occurred as a result of increase in the boiling point, which increased from degree (ethanol) to degree Celsius (water). This error could be controlled by reheating the solution continuously until the percentage of water is greatly reduce According to our observation, the temperature at, which eve experienced our first drop was 73 degree integrate and the boiling point of water in this experiment Vass found to be 89 degree Celsius because the water is diluted water. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the purpose Of our experiment was to identify the exact process of fractional distillation and to provide an accurate prescription about liquids With different boiling point during separation. The experiment performed using fractional distillation method yielded 98% ethanol and 2% water in the first two fractions meaning there was only 2% error. Therefore, the result was reasonable however, in the third fraction, we obtained 78% of ethanol and 22% error.

Wealth management Essays

Wealth management Essays Wealth management Essay Wealth management Essay The business expansion strategy is to make advantages of their strength in intermediary businesses, such as international business settlement, agency and wealth management, then drive the development of traditional commercial banking services, so that they can attract more premier foreign and local customers. Compared with Chinas banks, foreign banks dont have a branch network around the country, but they have stronger capabilities in products innovation, more professional expertise of international financial market trading and wealth management, etc, also they have a huge branch network around the world. Therefore, foreign banks firstly focus on international business settlement, foreign exchange trading. By providing those extra services that Chinas banks can not make, foreign banks can attract those premier customers that have oversea businesses and strong need for wealth management, then these customers may transfer their other businesses that are currently based at local banks, including RMB settlement, deposits and loans, etc, to foreign banks. The customer expansion strategy of foreign banks is to approach multinationals, joint ventures, foreign funded enterprises and Chinas leading domestic firms. Multinationals, joint ventures and foreign funded enterprises are first targets of foreign banks, not only because those firms have good business performance and credit records, but also their mother companies usually have strong link with those foreign banks. Foreign banks are also keen on Chinas leading firms, including those national teams that have strong oversea businesses, mighty private companies and premier high-tech firms. Obviously, foreign banks would not take risk to expand their business to all corporate customers. In a press conference held by Citibank in 2002, Mr. Huang Xiaoguang, the CEO of its Shanghai Branch stated, we merely focus on three categories of firms, including foreign global giants, Chinas big global firms and those domestic companies with strong international business, in which we can make full use of our global network advantage. We wont break through this customer territory and to do business with other general firms even after Chinas financial market is open completely after 2006. Current status of foreign banks businesses in China A recent survey conducted by FCSSIC (Financial Center of Social Science Institute of China) showed most of foreign banks had successfully extended their businesses in China, though their performance was very different from one another. Overall, the following characters can reflect the current status of foreign banks businesses in China by now: Firstly, the activity domain of foreign banks mainly concentrated in coastal cities. By the end of 2002, there are about 190 foreign banks have conducted their businesses in China. In particular, about 27 among 54 world top banks that are listed in the US Fortune world 500 have also operated in the country. It is obvious that most foreign banks are still keen on coastal cities, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Dalian, etc, while many inland cities, excluding several top cities, such as Wuhan, Chongqing, Xian, their presence was rarely seen though these cities were on the governments opening outside list as well. Secondly, the business categories are extending quickly from foreign currency businesses to RMB businesses. In 1982, China government began to permit foreign banks to set up operating offices and conduct foreign currency businesses, their foreign money businesses have developed a lot ever since then. Currently, the main foreign exchange businesses of foreign banks covers financing business, loan and savings, international business settlement, investment, guarantee, business bills and consulting, etc. Then in 2002, some foreign banks were permitted to provide RMB business service to foreign customers in Shanhai, Shenzhen and Gaungzhou, and in fact, they extended this business to many foreign customers very quickly. Their customers were not only from those mentioned cities, but also from their neighbor provinces, such as Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan and Guangxi. This fact witnessed that foreign banks have strong capability to expand their business. In February 2003, several top global giants, such as HSBC and Citibank, announced their grants of RMB businesses for Chinas domestic firms. Thirdly, the customers focus of foreign banks is mainly on first class joint ventures, multinationals, and Chinas big foreign-oriented firms, together with some public companies. Taking several top banks, for example, HSBC is keen on serving BP, Shell, Citibank focuses on GE, IBM, Software and Ford. The global banks are also very interested in such Chinas big state firms with oversea business, such as CNPC, Sinopech and COSCO. According to Chinas governments commitment, foreign banks are able to provide foreign exchange businesses for both domestic firms and residents early from Chinas WTO entrance, but the restrictions of areas and customers in RMB businesses will not be canceled until the end of 2006, therefore, the current competitions between Chinas banks and their global rivals are mainly reflected in foreign exchange businesses, especially concentrating on international business settlement and foreign exchange loan and savings, and the competing level is different in different cities. As the most advanced and international city in China, Shanghai sees most presence of foreign banks in this country, and the competition here is also most fierce. By the end 2002, there have been 53 operating foreign banks branches. 12 among which, including HSBC and Citibank, getting the permission of conducting comprehensive foreign currency businesses in the same year, covering both corporate banking and personal banking, local firms and local residents. A recent statistic provided by Shanghai Branch of Peoples Bank of China, showed that the growth rate of foreign currency savings of foreign banks had surpassed that of domestic banks in Shanghai in early 2002. Furthermore, some foreign banks in Shanghai have extended their businesses to the nearby provinces, including Zhejiang and Jiangsu, the most powerful economies of China. In the end of 2003, the total assets of foreign banks in Shanghai were about $27. 49 b, increasing by 35. 69% compared with a year ago. Total amount of loans were up to $12. 1b, growing by 15. 16% compared with 2002. Total savings was $7. 14b, growing at 56. 53%. In the same year, operating profit before tax of all foreign banks was $107m, in which the contribution of RMB business exceeded 50%, reflecting rapid growth of their RMB business. With the expansion of business and customers, foreign banks achieved great performance. In 2003, their market share in Shanghai banking sector in terms of total assets, savings and loans was 11. 84%, 3. 86% and 8. 64% respectively, much higher than a year ago. Shenzhen, as the symbol of Chinas opening to the outside world, owns the second largest scale of foreign banks in terms of both foreign currency assets and savings. Ever since the foundation of Shenzhen Branch of Hongkong Southsea Bank, the first foreign bank in the city, the amount of foreign banks has been growing. Up to early 2004, there were 25 foreign banks that have operating branches, together with 7 representative offices. The total staff of foreign banks are about 830, occupying 2. 6% of whole staff of Shenzhen banking sector. It was stated by Shenzhen Bureau of Banking Regulation, in the end of 2003, the total assets of foreign banks in Shenzhen were $7. 32b, total savings was $2. 33b. Thereinto, the absolute amount of savings enhanced by $0. 84b, with a growth rate of 55. 99% compared with last year. As a traditional financial center of North China, many eyes of foreign banks have turned to the city for years. By the end of 2002, there were about 14 foreign banks got presence in Tianjin, and 4 of which was authorized to conduct RMB business. Foreign banks firstly extended their international settlement business very quickly. In the end of 2002, market share of big four state banks in total foreign exchange assets was 82%, while foreign banks gained 0ver 10%. In terms of foreign currency loans, big four banks occupied 67%, compared with foreign banks 33%, which reflects Chinas domestic banks face heavy stress from foreign banks to compete in foreign exchange businesses.

Final Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Project - Assignment Example Pricing is determined by the extra cost incurred in producing one extra unit of the commodity such that price is equated to marginal cost i.e. Price=MC.Since the main objectives of these firms is to maximize profit the following measures are appropriate for the respective firms. Firm 1: This firm should retain its price at 4 units and maintain it’s AVC at 3units so that it can maximize profit and minimize loss. This is because as long as P>AVC the firm will recover its cost of operation plus extra revenue which goes to profit. Firm 2: In this firm the price is 10 which equals MC at 10 and therefore qualify to be in the competitive market but since VC>TR it will make losses as the firm is not even meeting the break-even point. The policy to be adopted by the firm is to reduce the variable cost and squeeze the fixed cost which is not affected by the variations in output. Firm 3: In this firm the losses arises from employing many variable factor inputs which outweigh the fixed and therefore the best recommendation is a freeze in employing variable factor inputs like reducing the casual labor size. Firm 4: In this firm the price (25) is greater than AVC i.e. P>AVC and this already ensures that it beat the break-even point. This is responsible for its zero economic profit. For the firm to do better it either maintains its current output or reduce price. In a monopoly market, the firm tends to be the sole seller and therefore have power to give any price through manipulating of the output (Hall, Robert & Marc, p 64). Under this market structure, for profit maximization the MC=MR. In this respect the firms above needs the following